Which stage in Erikson's theory aligns with the resolution of autonomy issues in early childhood?

The resolution of autonomy issues in early childhood aligns with the stage of "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt." This stage occurs during the age range of approximately 1 to 3 years and is crucial in helping children develop a sense of personal control and independence. During this period, children begin to assert their own will, make choices, and explore their capabilities. Successfully navigating this stage leads to the development of autonomy, where children feel secure in their ability to act independently.

If children encounter excessive criticism or control from caregivers, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt in their abilities. Therefore, the outcome of this stage directly influences a child's self-esteem and confidence as they begin to assert themselves in their actions and decisions.

The other stages mentioned, such as "Trust vs. Mistrust" and "Industry vs. Inferiority," relate to different developmental challenges. Trust vs. Mistrust focuses on forming secure attachments in infancy, while Industry vs. Inferiority pertains to children’s abilities to engage in productive tasks and feel competent in school age, both of which do not specifically address autonomy issues in early childhood. Similarly, Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs later during adolescence, making it less relevant to the autonomy concerns of early childhood.